Radiative phonon transport in silicon and collisional energy transfer in aluminum films due to laser short-pulse heating: Influence of laser pulse intensity on temperature distribution

Energy transfer across aluminum and silicon films through phonon transport is examined in line with the laser short-pulse interaction with the aluminum film. The modified two-equation model is incorporated to compute electron and lattice site temperatures in the aluminum film while phonon radiative transport is used to predict equilibrium temperature in the silicon film. The thermal boundary resistance is considered at the interface of the films in the analysis. The numerical scheme using the finite difference method is adopted to solve the governing equations of energy. It is found that lattice site temperature rise is gradual in the aluminum film in the late heating period. However, equilibrium temperature decay is sharp in the region of silicon interface during this period. The thermal boundary resistance lowers lattice site temperature considerably in the region of the aluminum interface.     

Separation of Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions by supported liquid membrane using D2EHPA/M2EHPA as mobile carrier

The separation of Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions was studied in an aqueous sulphate medium using supported liquid membrane (SLM). D2EHPA/M2EHPA was used as a mobile carrier, microporous hydrophobic PTFE film was used as a solid support for the liquid membrane, and the strip phase was sulphuric acid. The effects of different parameters such as feed concentration, carrier concentration, feed phase pH, and strip phase pH on the separation factor and flux of Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions were studied. The optimum values obtained to achieve the maximum flux were 5.0 for feed pH, 40 vol. % for D2EHPA/M2EHPA concentration in the membrane phase, 0.5 for strip pH, and 0.012 mass % for feed concentration. Under these optimum conditions, the flux values of Cd(II) and Ni(II) were 15.7 × 10^?7 kg m^?2 s^?1 and 2.6 × 10^?7 kg m^?2 s^?1, respectively. The separation factors of Cd(II) over Ni(II) were studied under different experimental conditions. At a carrier concentration of 10 vol. % and feed concentration of 0.012 mass %, the maximum value of 185.1 was obtained for the separation factor of Cd(II) over Ni(II). After 24 h, the percentages of the extracted Cd(II) and Ni(II) were 83.3 % and 0.45 %, respectively.     

Green synthesis and characterizations of Nickel oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rhamnus virgata and their potential biological applications

In the present report, Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) were synthesized using Rhamnus virgata (Roxb.) (Family: Rhamnaceae) as a potential stabilizing, reducing and chelating agent. The formation, morphology, structure and other physicochemical properties of resulting NiONPs were characterized by Ultra violet spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy‐dispersive‐spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Detailed in vitro biological activities revealed significant therapeutic potential for NiONPs. The antimicrobial efficacy of biogenic NiONPs was demonstrated against five different gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 125 μg/mL) were found to be the least susceptible and Bacillus subtilis (MIC: 31.25 μg/mL) was found to be the most susceptible strain to NiONPs. Biogenic NiONPs were reported to be highly potent against HepG2 cells (IC₅₀: 29.68 μg/ml). Moderate antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica (KMH₂₃) promastigotes (IC₅₀: 10.62 μg/ml) and amastigotes (IC₅₀: 27.58 μg/ml) cultures are reported. The cytotoxic activity was studied using brine shrimps and their IC₅₀ value was recorded as 43.73 μg/ml. For toxicological assessment, NiONPs were found compatible towards human RBCs (IC₅₀: > 200 μg/ml) and macrophages (IC₅₀: > 200 μg/ml), deeming particles safe for various applications in nanomedicines. Moderate antioxidant activities: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (51.43%), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity (70.36%) and total reducing power (TRP) (45%) are reported for NiONPs. In addition, protein kinase and alpha amylase inhibition assays were also performed. Our results concluded that Rhamnus virgata synthesized NiONPs could find important biomedical applications with low cytotoxicity to normal cells.     

Elliptic Quadratic Operator Equations

The paper is devoted to the study of elliptic quadratic operator equations over the finite dimensional Euclidean space. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of elliptic quadratic operator equations. The iterative Newton-Kantorovich method for stable solutions is also presented.

     

Impact of Various Parameters Over the Stability of Water-in-Vegetable Oil Emulsion

Theory regarding emulsification, its coalescence and impact of emulsifier over its stability has been updated. For the verification of the proposed theory, water-in-oil emulsion was prepared by mixing water and soybean oil in the presence and absence of emulsifier, monoglyceride. The effect of different parameters like emulsification time, contents of water, and concentration of emulsifier has been investigated on the emulsification and coalescence process of the emulsion. It was noted that the emulsion quality was highest if the mixture was homogenized for about 15 minutes and the water contents were 40% v/v. The addition of monoglyceride up to 0.5% w/v gave the most stable emulsion having higher quality than other composition. The results obtained were compared with the proposed theory and found to have good compositions.      

Evaluation of natural gamma radiation and absorbed gamma dose in soil and rocks of Perambalur district (Tamil Nadu,India)

The activity concentrations and absorbed gamma dose of primordial radionuclides ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were determined employing γ-ray spectrometry in 31 soil samples from the land area earmarked for house construction in Perambalur district and 14 rock samples from quarries that supply stones for the entire district. The soil samples registered relatively a higher mean value of 13.2 Bq kg^?1 for ²³⁸U, 66 Bq kg^?1 for ²³²Th and 340.3 Bq kg^?1 for ⁴⁰K as compared to mean values for rock samples (²³⁸U—8.0 Bq kg^?1; ²³²Th—65.1 Bq kg^?1; ⁴⁰K—199.1 Bq kg^?1). The mean absorbed gamma dose rate for soil (61.4 nGy h^?1) marginally exceeded the prescribed limit of 55 nGy h^?1 while, rocks registered the mean absorbed gamma dose rate of 10.4 nGy h^?1. The mean radium equivalent activity was distinctly higher in soil (130.6 Bq kg^?1) than in rock (20.0 Bq kg^?1). However, these values were lower than the limit (370 Bq kg^?1) set by OECD for building materials. It is evident from the data that the soil and rocks do not pose any radiological risk for house constructions in Perambalur district.     

Synthesis and characterization of functionalized ordered hexagonal nanoporous carbon nitride with melamine-based dendrimer amines

Mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN-1) and functionalized MCN-1 with melamine-based dendrimer amine (MDA-MCN-1) have been synthesized. These materials are characterized by means of nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Two bands at 1,434 and 1,550 cm^?1 in FT-IR spectrum of MDA-MCN-1 are clear evidence of an aromatic triazine ring and confirm that the melamine-based dendrimer is formed. The pore diameter is centered at 4.74 nm with a relatively high BET surface area of 102.2 m² g^?1 and a pore volume of 0.12 cm³ g^?1. TGA curves show that samples (MCN-1 and MDA-MCN-1) have high thermal stability compared to the earlier species. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio calculated from the EDX analysis significantly decreases from 3.87–4.35 to 1.26 in MDA-MCN-1 than MCN-1 material. This indicates that MDA-MCN-1 has high nitrogen content and active adsorption sites in comparison to MCN-1 species.     

Binding affinity prediction for binary drug–target interactions using semi-supervised transfer learning

Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design - In the field of drug–target interactions prediction, the majority of approaches formulated the problem as a simple binary classification task....     

聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)硫酸氢盐: 一个新的高效催化剂用于无溶剂条件下合成13-芳香基-茚并 [1,2-b] 石脑油 [1,2-e] 吡喃-12(13H)-酮（英文）

An facile and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 13‐aryl‐indeno[1,2‐b]naphtha[1,2‐e]pyran‐ 12(13H)‐ ones has been developed that proceeds via the one‐pot three‐component sequential reaction of an aromatic aldehyde with β‐naphthol and 2H‐indene‐1,3‐dione under solvent‐free conditions in the presence of a poly(4‐vinylpyridinium)hydrogen sulfate(P(4‐VPH)HSO4) catalyst. The catalyst can be reused several times, making this procedure facile, practical, and sustainable. The simple experimental procedure, solvent‐free reaction conditions, use of an inexpensive catalyst, short react time, and excellent yields are some of the major advantages of this methodology.     

二氧化硫脲:一锅合成吡喃并[4,3-b] 吡喃类化合物的高效可重复使用有机催化剂（英文）

A series of pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran derivatives have been synthesized in excellent yields by the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile or cyanoacetate and 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methylpyran‐2‐one in water at 80 °C, with the transformation being catalyzed by an aqueous solution of thiourea dioxide(TUD). Upon completion of the reaction, the product was isolated by filtration or extraction and the remaining aqueous TUD solution could be reused several times without any discernible impact on its catalytic activity. This procedure offers several advantages over existing procedures, including high yields, operational simplicity, the use of a non‐toxic catalyst and solvent, short reaction time and minimum pollution of the environment, making it a useful and attractive process for the preparation of pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran derivatives.